IAO 2012, Теория, старша възраст — Задача 4. Altair
XVII International Astronomy Olympiad — Theoretical round — Group β
Бележка
General note. Maybe not all problems have correct questions. Some questions (maybe the main question of the problem, maybe one of the subquestions) may make no real sense. In this case you have to write in your answer (in English or Russian): «impossible situation – ситуация невозможна». Of course, this answer has to be explained numerically or logically.
Data from the tables (Planetary data, stars, constants, etc.) may be used for solving every problem.
The answers «Да-Yes» or «Нет-No» have to be written in English or Russian.
Planetary data
Элементы орбит. Физические характеристики некоторых планет, Луны, Солнца и Эриды
Parameters of orbits. Physical characteristics of some planets, Moon, Sun and Eris
| Небесное тело, планета / Body, planet | Среднее расстояние от центрального тела / Average distance to central body, in astr. units | in km | Сидерический (или аналогичный) период обращения / Sidereal period (or analogous), in tropical years | in days | Наклон орбиты / Orbital inclination, | Эксцентриситет / Eccentricity, | Экваториальн. диаметр / Equat. diameter, km | Масса / Mass, kg | Средняя плотность / Av. density, g/cm³ | Ускор. своб. пад. у пов. / Grav. accelr. at surf., m/s² | Наклон оси / Axial tilt | Макс. блеск, вид. с Земли / Max. magn. From Earth **) | Альбедо / Albedo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Солнце / Sun | 1392000 | 1989000 | 1,409 | ||||||||||
| Меркурий / Mercury | 0,387 | 57,9 | 0,241 | 87,969 | 0,206 | 4 879 | 0,3302 | 5,43 | 3,70 | 0,06 | |||
| Венера / Venus | 0,723 | 108,2 | 0,615 | 224,7007 | 3,40 | 0,007 | 12 104 | 4,8690 | 5,24 | 8,87 | 177,36 | 0,78 | |
| Земля / Earth | 1,000 | 149,6 | 1,000 | 365,2564 | 0,00 | 0,017 | 12 756 | 5,9742 | 5,515 | 9,81 | 23,44 | 0,36 | |
| Луна / Moon | 0,00257 | 0,38440 | 0,0748 | 27,3217 | 5,15 | 0,055 | 3 475 | 0,0735 | 3,34 | 1,62 | 6,7 | 0,07 | |
| Марс / Mars | 1,524 | 227,9 | 1,880 | 686,98 | 1,85 | 0,093 | 6 794 | 0,6419 | 3,94 | 3,71 | 25,19 | 0,15 | |
| Юпитер / Jupiter | 5,204 | 778,6 | 11,862 | 4 332,59 | 1,30 | 0,048 | 142 984 | 1899,8 | 1,33 | 24,86 | 3,13 | 0,66 | |
| Сатурн / Saturn | 9,584 | 1433,7 | 29,458 | 10 759,20 | 2,48 | 0,054 | 120 536 | 568,50 | 0,70 | 10,41 | 26,73 | 0,68 | |
| Эрида / Eris | 68,05 | 205 029 | 43,82 | 0,435 | 2 326 | 0,0167 | 2,52 | 0,7 | 0,96 |
**) Для Луны – в среднем противостоянии.
**) For Moon – in mean opposition.
Константи
Некоторые константы и формулы / Some constants and formulae
| Скорость света в вакууме, c (м/с) | 299 792 458 | Speed of light in vacuum, c (m/s) |
| Гравитационная постоянная, G (Н·м²/кг²) | Constant of gravitation, G (N·m²/kg²) | |
| Солнечная постоянная, A (Вт/м²) | 1367 | Solar constant, A (W/m²) |
| Параметр Хаббла, (км/с/МПк), среднее значение | 71 | mean value, Hubble parameter, (km/s/Mpc) |
| диапазон значений | 50-100 | diapason of values |
| Постоянная Планка, h (Дж·с) | Plank constant, h (J·s) | |
| Заряд электрона, e (Кл) | Charge of electron, e (C) | |
| Масса электрона, (кг) | Mass of electron, (kg) | |
| Соотношение масс протона и электрона | 1836.15 | Proton-to-electron ratio |
| Постоянная Фарадея, F (Кл/моль) | 96 485 | Faraday constant, F (C/mol) |
| Магнитная постоянная, (Гн/м) | Magnetic constant, (H/m) | |
| Универсальная газовая постоянная, R (Дж/моль/К) | 8.314 | Universal gas constant, R (J/mol/K) |
| Постоянная Больцмана, k (Дж/К) | Boltzmann constant, k (J/K) | |
| Постоянная Стефана-Больцмана, (Вт/м²/К⁴) | Stefan-Boltzmann constant, (W/m²/K⁴) | |
| Константа смещения Вина, b (м·К) | 0.002897 | Wien’s displacement constant, b (m·K) |
| Лабораторная длина волны Hα (Å) | 6562.81 | Laboratory wavelength of Hα (Å) |
| Длина тропического года, T (сут) | 365.242199 | Tropical year length, T (days) |
| Стандартная атмосфера (Па) | 101 325 | Standard atmosphere (Pa) |
| Ослабление видимого света земной атмосферой в зените (минимально) | Visible light extinction by the terrestrial atmosphere in zenith (minimum) | |
| Показатель преломления воды при 20°C, n | 1.334 | Refractive index of water for 20°C, n |
| Момент инерции шара | Moment of inertia of a solid ball | |
| Площадь сферы | Area of sphere | |
| π | 3.14159265 | π |
| e | 2.71828183 | e |
| Золотое сечение, φ | 1.61803399 | Golden ratio, φ |
Data of some stars
Данные о некоторых звёздах / Data of some stars
| RA | DEC | S C | масса / mass | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Солнце | Sun | G2 | ||||||
| Альдебаран | Aldebaran | α Tau | K5 | |||||
| Альтаир | Altair | α Aql | A7 | |||||
| Антарес | Antares | α Sco | M1+B4 | |||||
| Арктур | Arcturus | α Boo | K1 | |||||
| Ахернар | Achernar | α Eri | B3 | |||||
| зв.Барнарда | Barnard’s star | Oph | M4 | |||||
| Бетельгейзе | Betelgeuse | α Ori | M1 | |||||
| Вега | Vega | α Lyr | A0 | |||||
| Денеб | Deneb | α Cyg | A2 | |||||
| Канопус | Canopus | α Car | F0 | |||||
| Капелла | Capella | α Aur | G5+G0 | |||||
| Полярная | Polaris | α UMi | F7 | |||||
| Процион | Procyon | α CMi | F5 | |||||
| Ригель | Rigel | β Ori | B8 | |||||
| Сириус | Sirius | α CMa | A1 | |||||
| Спика | Spica | α Vir | B1 | |||||
| Альфа Центавра | Alpha Centauri | α Cen | ; | G2 ; K1 | ||||
| Бета Центавра | Beta Centauri | β Cen | B1 | |||||
| Эпсилон Эридана | Epsilon Eridani | ε Eri | K2 |
Note for jury and team leaders
The proposed sketches are not full; the team leaders have to give more detailed explanations to students. But the correct solutions in the students’ papers (enough for 8 pts) may be shorter.
Basic criteria for examiners — Note
The given sketches are not full; the team leaders have to give more detailed explanations to students. But the correct solutions in the students’ papers (enough for 8 pts) may be shorter.
Условие
Estimate the density of the star Altair.

Решение
All necessary data may be taken from tables and the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Distance to Altair is
Our Sun being moved to this distance will have the magnitude
So the difference in absolute stellar magnitudes of Sun and Altair is:
Thus, the ratio of luminosities of Altair and the Sun is
The luminosity of a star is proportional to its surface area and the fourth power of surface temperature, i.e. . Density of a star is equal to its mass divided by its volume, i.e. it is proportional to . Thus, . Temperatures of Altair and Sun may be found using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram from their spectral types, A7 and G2, 8100 K and 5800 K respectively. So by comparing the densities of Altair and Sun (see table, kg/m³), we may find that the density of Altair is
Basic criteria for examiners.
The distance to Altair — 1 pt.
Finding the ratio of luminosities of Altair and Sun — 2 pt.
Realization that , , and so — 2 pt.
Taking correct temperatures of the stars — 1 pt.
Final result — 2 pt.
Теми и трудност
Трудност: неоценена.
Звезди · Свойства на звездите · Диаграма на Херцшпрунг–Ръсел
Предпоставки: Разширена олимпиадна подготовка
Оригинал в Архива: betatheo.pdf · официални решения: theosol1.png · допълнителни данни: theosol2.png · допълнителни данни: theosol3.png · допълнителни данни: theosol4.png · допълнителни данни: theo_cr_1.png · допълнителни данни: theo_cr_2.png