iGeo 2006, Писмен тест — Задача 5. Fresh Water in the Middle East
Questions — 6th International Geography Olympiad — Brisbane — June 2006 · 20 т.
Внимание: Бележка към темата
The Sources booklet and the worksheets (1–4) referred to in the questions and in the marking scheme are not part of this archive file.
Instructions for the students
- This test consists of five sections.
| 1 | Climate | 18 marks |
| 2 | The dynamics of population: migration | 19 marks |
| 3 | Volcano ‘Merapi’ | 15 marks |
| 4 | Economic activity and the business world | 18 marks |
| 5 | Fresh water in the Middle East | 20 marks |
The total of all marks is 90
Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples et cetera). For instance, if the question asks for two reasons and you give more than two, only the first two reasons will be marked.
Answer all questions on your answer sheets or worksheets. Use a new answer sheet for each sections (1 - 5).
Write your name and country on each of the five answer sheets and the four worksheets.
The Sources booklet contains the maps and figures referred to in the questions.
Time available: 150 minutes. Non-native speakers of English are allowed an additional 30 minutes.
Non-native speakers of English are allowed to use dictionaries: English - native language and native language - English.
Success!
Marking scheme - overview
| 1 Climate | 2 The dynamics of population: migration | 3 Volcano Merapi | 4 Economic activity, the business world and Global Shift | 5 Fresh water in the Middle East |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a (1m) | 1a (2m) | 1a (1m) | 1 (2m) | 1a (1m) |
| 1b (2m) | 1b (3m) | 1b (1m) | 2 (2m) | 1b (2m) |
| 2a (1m) | 1c (2m) | 2 (2m) | 3 (3m) | 2a (2m) |
| 2b (3m) | 1d (4m) | 3a (1m) | 4a( 3m) | 2b (2m) |
| 3a (2m) | 2a (2m) | 3b (1m) | 4b (3m) | 3a (1m) |
| 3b (1m) | 2b (2m) | 3c (1m) | 5a (3m) | 3b (1m) |
| 4 (2m) | 2c (2m) | 3d (1m | 5b (2m) | 4 (4m) |
| 5 (2m) | 3 (2m) | 4 (1m) | 5a (2m) | |
| 6 (2m) | 5 (2m) | 5b (3m) | ||
| 7 (2m) | 6a (3m) | 6 (2m) | ||
| 6b (1m) | ||||
| 18 marks | 19 marks | 15 marks | 18 marks | 20 marks |
Условие
Refer to the map ‘Precipitation in the Middle East’ - Section 5, source 1.
Precipitation in the northern part of the Middle East shows a distinct seasonal pattern.
1a In what season is precipitation the lowest? (1m) [1 т.]
1b Explain your answer. (2m) [2 т.]
Refer to map ‘Water between Turkey and the Gulf Region’ - Section 5, source 2.
Approximately 20% of the irrigated land in Iraq is no longer suitable for agriculture as a result of inappropriate methods of irrigation.
2a Describe an inappropriate method of irrigation that has a negative impact on the soil. (2m) [2 т.]
2b Provide two (2) specific measures that could stop or reverse this process. (2m) [2 т.]
In several dry regions of the Middle East natural reservoirs of groundwater occur. The capacity of a groundwater reservoir depends on the nature of the rock formation
3a Which of the following rock formations has the highest capacity? (1m)
- shale
- sandstone
- granite
- limestone [1 т.]
3b Explain your answer. (1m) [1 т.]
4 Write your name on worksheet 4 ‘Fresh Water in the Middle East.
There are different principles that can be used in dividing river water rights between countries. The table in worksheet 4 lists a number of these principles.
Analyse the situation for the river Euphrates and the countries Turkey, Syria and Iraq.
For each principle indicate in column A which country would benefit, and in column B which country would be disadvantaged. (4m) [4 т.]
5a Compare principles 1 and 2. Both are geographical in nature.
Mention two (2) reasons why principle 2 is to be preferred to principle 1. (2m) [2 т.]
5b Compare the principles 4 to 8. Mention one (1) of these principles that, in your opinion, should be included in negotiations over water rights between states. Justify your choice. (3m) [3 т.]
The Greater Anatolian Project consists of a number of dams and artificial lakes in the river Euphrates in the South East of Turkey. It stimulates large scale irrigated agriculture.
It is to be expected that both the quantity and the quality of the water downstream will be affected.
6 Explain in what way(s) irrigation in South East Turkey can negatively influence the quality of the river water of the Euphrates. (2m) [2 т.]
Отговори
- 1a Northern summer
- 3a sandstone
Решение
1a (1m)
Northern summer
1b (2m)
In summer the high pressure zone that usually lies around the Tropic of Cancer moves North.
In the descending air masses in a high pressure area water evaporates and clouds disappear.
2a (2m)
Answers should indicate that irrigation water evaporates and dissolved salts remain in the top soil and cause salinisation (high concentration of salts)
2b (2m)
Forms of irrigation that diminish/limit evaporation of water in the soil e.g. trickle irrigation
3a (1m)
sandstone
3b (1m)
sandstone has highest pore volume (volume of the pores between the sandstone particles)
4 (4m) See table.
| Principle | Beneficiary country (A) | Disadvantaged country (B) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. If a larger part of the drainage basin is located in country A, then country A has more rights to the water than country B. | Turkey | Syria or Iraq |
| 2. If a bigger part of the water discharge originates from country A, then country A has more rights to the water than country B. | Turkey | Syria or Iraq |
| 3. If it rains less in country A, then country A has more rights to the water than country B. | Syria or Iraq | Turkey |
| 4. If country A has used more river water in the past, then country A has more rights to the water than country B. (historic rights) | Syria or Iraq | Turkey |
| 5. If country A suffers more economical damage when it gets less water, then country A has more rights to the water than country B. (economic rights) | Syria or Iraq | Turkey |
| 6. If the social needs in country A are stronger (higher), then country A has more rights to the water than country B. (humanitarian rights) | Syria or Iraq | Turkey |
| 7. If country A has less alternative ways to meet its water demands, then country A has more rights to the water than country B. (dependency) | Syria or Iraq | Turkey |
| 8. If country A uses its water in a less efficient way, then country A has less rights to the water than country B. (efficiency) | Iraq | Turkey |
8 correct answers = 4
7,6 correct answers = 3
5,4 correct answers = 2
3,2 correct answers = 1
1 correct answers = 0
5a (2m)
- Dry areas of a drainage basin contribute less to the discharge, but give equal rights to water than a wet area.
- Discharge is relative: if a country in a given year contributes less, it will have lesser rights to a share of the water.
5b (3m)
Water is a prerequisite for human life and therefore choice number 6 is non negotiable (3m)
For any other principle with plausible explanation the candidate gets a maximum of 2 marks.
6 (2m)
The water can be polluted / contaminated pesticides / herbicides or by nutrients (eutrophication).
Total = 20 marks
Оригинал в Архива: 2006IGEOQuestions.doc · официални решения: 2006IGEOMarkingscheme.doc