iGeo 2008, Писмен тест — Задача 1. International tourism
Questions — 7th International Geography Olympiad, Carthage, Tunisia, August 2008 · 14 т.
Внимание: Бележка към темата
The questions refer to a separate sources booklet (maps, figures, photographs, tables) and to worksheets 1 and 2; these are not in the archive, so the source material is not reproduced here.
Instructions for the students
This test consists of seven assignments.
The maximum total mark is 80:
| 1 | International tourism | 14 marks |
| 2 | Climate & climate change (global warming) | 12 marks |
| 3 | Bogotá (Colombia) | 11 marks |
| 4 | Energy and sustainability | 13 marks |
| 5 | Pot-in-pot system | 10 marks |
| 6 | Climates of China | 10 marks |
| 7 | Food problems | 10 marks |
Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, et cetera). For instance, if the question asks for two reasons and you give more than two, only the first two reasons will be marked.
Answer all questions on your answer sheets or worksheets.
Use for each assignment (1 - 7) a new answer sheet.
Write your name and country on each of the seven answer sheets and the two worksheets.
The sources booklet contains the maps and figures referred to in the questions. Please be aware that different countries use different number conventions. In the sources, Parts 1, 4 and 6 show a decimal point as a [.], e.g. 24.6, and divide numbers into 3s with a [,], e.g. 1,500. Whereas the sources for Part 3 show the decimal point as a [,], e.g. 24,6, and divide numbers into 3s with a [.], e.g. 1.500.
Time: 180 minutes for native English speakers
Attention: non-native English speakers are allowed an additional 30 minutes for the test.
Non-native English speakers are allowed to use bilingual dictionaries during the test.
You may use a calculator during the test.
Good luck!
Условие
Write your name and country on your answer sheet and on worksheet 1.
See source 1 part 1 in the sources booklet.
1a Comment on the real and anticipated changes in international tourism, both regionally and world-wide, from 1950 to 2020, and suggest three reasons for these changes on the global scale. [4 т.]
1b Give two reasons why international tourism might NOT grow as much as expected. [2 т.]
2 Describe the spatial distribution of the world’s Top 10 Tourism Destinations (source 2) and give one possible reason for this distribution. [2 т.]
3 Which countries had a higher or lower Top 10 Tourism Destinations rank in 2006 than they did in 2003? Suggest two reasons for these changes. [2 т.]
4 What are some of the positive and negative impacts of international tourism? Fill in one impact in each cell of Table 1 on worksheet 1. [4 т.]
Решение
1a (4m)
Four of the following aspects . For each good aspect mark ½.
- International tourism has grown exponentially since 1950.
- Europe and the Americas have dominated international tourism until now, but as their markets mature their rate of growth is slowing down.
- Tourism to the Asia/Pacific region is expected to continue growing strongly and overtake that to the Americas by 2010.
- The increasing affluence of the very large populations in Asian countries such as China, India and Indonesia and Japan is contributing to this rise as they travel to other countries within their own region.
- As with emerging destinations in Africa and the Middle East, where tourism also continue to grow strongly, tourists are also attracted to newer markets.
Three of the following reasons for the growth of international tourism:
- rising affluence
- expansion of commercial airlines
- introduction of cheap fares
- increasing vacation time
three good reasons = 2 marks,
two good reasons = 1 mark,
one good reason = 0
1b (2m)
Two of the following reasons for the slowing down of international tourism (1 mark each):
- Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions of planes, with more people choosing to holiday in their own country or to use video-conferencing and other technologies instead of international business travel.
- If terrorist attacks are targeted at travellers and cause substantial loss of life, there would be some reduction in tourist numbers. (However, UNWTO does not appear to be anticipating that these factors will have much effect.)
- Slowing down of economic growth or economic decline / weakening of the American Dollar / oil (kerosene) prices are high and will continue to rise in the future.
2 (2m)
The Top 10 Tourism Destinations are heavily concentrated in Europe, with 7 in Europe, 2 in North America and 1 in Asia. [1]
One of the following reasons: [1]
- This concentration reflects the concentration of people with large disposable incomes in Europe and North America. Most of their travel is to nearby countries.
- In Europe there are many famous (historical) sites, so tourists from all over the world come to visit these places.
- Europe consists of many countries, so it happens frequently that people are crossing borders being on holiday.
3 (2m)
China has overtaken Italy in the rankings. [0]
Reasons: China is increasingly more open to tourists; tourists still avoiding long flights in 2003 in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks in Sept 2001 and the SARS epidemic but by 2006 these effects had dissipated; tourists looking for “new” destinations. [1]
Germany, Mexico, Austria, Russia (7 to 10 in 2006) were in the reverse order in 2003. [0]
Reasons: Germany had a big boost to tourism in 2006 because of the Football World Cup; Mexico seen as a “new” and exciting destination compared to the established market of Austria, so growing faster; Russia’s arrivals fell, perhaps reflecting the perception of a less open society than in 2003. [1]
4 (4m)
For each good answer mark ½ .
Sample answer
Table 1. Impacts of International Tourism
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental | local people see an economic value in wildlife/natural areas attracting tourists and so preserve it, e.g. African safaris | overuse of an area can harm the natural habitat, e.g. boat anchors and pollution on Great Barrier Reef |
| Social | sharing of ideas across cultures can benefit tourists and local people, giving both a more global perspective | large numbers of tourists can disrupt indigenous cultures; communities can be displaced for resort developments |
| Economic | can bring much needed foreign currency to developing countries; employs large numbers of people in developed countries as well | catering for wealthy tourists can inflate prices of everyday goods; much of the expenditure does not stay in the country, e.g. international hotels |
| Political | can reduce the isolation of a country, broaden knowledge of other political systems, foreigners can see what’s going on | money from tourists could prop up a corrupt government; the tourist industry might support a dictator because they don’t want the instability of change |
Total = 14 marks
Оригинал в Архива: 2008Assignments.pdf · официални решения: 2008MarkingScheme.pdf