iGeo 2013, Писмен тест — Задача 16. Section D: World Energy Production — Question 3
10th International Geography Olympiad — Kyoto, Japan — 30 July – 5 August 2013 — Written Response Test — Question and Answer Booklet · 30 юли 2013 г. · 2 т.
Корица
Do NOT open the Booklet before instructed to do so by a supervisor.
Name: … Team: …
Student number: …
Instructions for the Students
- Fill in your name, team and iGeo student number on the front page of this Question and Answer Booklet.
- Fill in your iGeo student number in the boxes on top of the pages in this Booklet.
- This test consists of 6 Sections.
- The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given at the beginning of the question.
There are a maximum of 15 marks for each Section. - Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this Booklet.
- Check the backs of pages as questions are printed on both sides of a page.
- Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, etc.). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and you give more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
- You must use the Diercke International Atlas during the test where referred to in the questions and at your convenience.
- The Resource Booklet contains Sources referred to in the questions.
- You may use a calculator during the test.
- Time: 180 minutes for students not educated in English, 150 minutes for students educated in English.
- Students not educated in English are allowed to use bilingual dictionaries during the test.
Good luck!
Instructions for the Markers
- Check if the iGeo Student Numbers are on each sheet before dividing up the paper.
- This test consists of 6 Sections.
- One whole Section per marker and double-checker.
- Check whether the answer continues outside designated area. No credits will be given to answers in the Resource Booklet.
- The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given at the beginning of the question.
There are a maximum of 15 marks for each Section. - Get the hang of the full range of answers by reading through a few papers with your co-marker before you start your marking.
- These answers are not exhaustive. Credit any relevant answer.
- Mark only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, etc.). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and there is more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
- Put your mark next to the question number in the column on the left – it eases the work of the person who has to put the numbers into MS Excel. Total the marks by the title of the Section.
- Usually whole marks with only these exceptions: A1, B1, C3, E6.
- The Moderators (Sue and Anu) will sample the marking of all teams.
Условие
Study the textbox below on ‘A New Resource’.
Why is the extraction of shale gas by fracking more difficult than conventional gas extraction?
A New Resource
The use of new technology has revealed that there are large reserves of natural gas in shale rocks. In the United States shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. In 2000 shale gas provided only 1% of the natural gas production in the United States; by 2010 it was over 20%.
The conventional gas resources are much easier to extract compared to shale gas. The use of a new technique, called fracking, has increased the possibilities of shale gas exploitation. With the use of explosives, cracks are made in the shale at depths of up to 3 or 4 kilometres. Afterwards water, sand and chemicals are pumped into the boreholes. The sand fills the cracks and keeps them open. After the water is pumped away, gas will flow out of the shales. From one borehole gas can be extracted from the nearby shales. But the boreholes eventually have to be relocated to another area.
Решение
Answer: 2 marks: 1 mark for each well explained answer, not just a list.
- It is expensive to keep drilling new boreholes to extract the gas.
- It is more complicated to extract the gas from within the rock rather than from a reservoir on top of it.
- The number of vehicles/pipes required to bring in the water and remove the waste liquid.
- The use of explosives to create the cracks is expensive and causes concern.
- The shale gas is usually at greater depth than conventional natural gas.
Оригинал в Архива: 2013KyotoWRTQuestionAndAnswerBooklet.pdf · официални решения: 2013KyotoWRTMarkingScheme.docx