IAO 2000, Теория — Задача 2. Group A. 2.

The English questions are retained with their original group/number titles and routes. The official Russian keys and missing Olympia signal graph are supplied from the proceedings. Printed source wording and repeated words are retained. The Moon key prints a sign-inconsistent intermediate eccentricity equation; it is preserved along with the subsequent positive formula. The star-size key prints “больше” despite its absorption argument; the calendar key repeats “начинающихся с”; the quasar key prints R=c/H in its final numerical line. These source readings are not silently corrected.