IAO 2014, Теория, Група α — Задача 2. Велики противостояния
Задачи за теоретичния тур · 12 октомври 2014 г. · 8 т.
Обща забележка
Обща забележка. Възможно е не във всички задачи въпросите да са поставени коректно. Някои въпроси (възможно е да е главният въпрос на задачата или да е някой подвъпрос) може да нямат смисъл. В такъв случай в решението трябва да се напише на руски или на английски – „ситуация невозможна“ или „impossible situation“. Разбира се, решението трябва да се подкрепи с пресмятания или логически разсъждения.
Данните от таблиците (Слънчева система, звезди, константи) могат да се използват във всяка задача.
Отговорите „Да – Yes“ или „Нет – No“ трябва да се напишат на руски или на английски.
Условие
Сега велики противостояния на Марс се случват през всеки 15 или 17 години. За улесняване на колонизацията на Марс, подобряване на климатичните условия там и увеличаване на ефекта на великите противостояния нашата цивилизация е замислила амбициозен проект: да се намали с 6,0% голямата полуос на орбитата на тази планета, като се запази стойността на ексцентрицитета на орбитата. Колко често ще се случват великите противостояния на Марс при новата орбита?

Решение
Theoretical round. Sketches for solutions
Reducing the by 6.0% the semi-major axis of Mars orbit changes its sidereal period:
Syndical period of new Mars may be found from formula
That is, oppositions of Mars (of any kind) will occur every 2.402 years. After 5 such cycles, the Earth and Mars return approximately to the same positions. It is the new period for repeating the great oppositions. Answer is “every 12 years”.
Note: Inaccurate data calculations (of , for example) in this problem can easily lead to incorrect results. In calculating the synodic motion of Mars the exact value of the fractional part of the period is very important.
Theoretical round. Basic criteria
- Correct using Kepler’s III law and finding T₁=T₀(A₁/A₀)³ᐟ²=1.713 years — 3 pt.
- Correct finding synodic period ~2.4 years — 2 pt.
- Understanding that the great opposition is one of five, and result 12 years — 3 pt.
Официални решения и оценяване
Официалните скици на решенията и критериите са запазени на оригиналния английски език.
Note for jury and team leaders
The proposed sketches are not full; the team leaders have to give more detailed explanations for students. But the correct solutions in the students’ papers (enough for 8 pts) may be shorter.
Бележка
Jury members should evaluate the student’s solutions in essence, and not by looking on formal existence the mentioned sentences or formulae. The formal presence of the mentioned positions in the text is not necessary to give the respective points. Points should be done if the following steps de facto using these positions.
Parameters of orbits. Physical characteristics of some planets, Moon, Sun and Eris
| Body | Distance (AU) | Distance (10⁶ km) | Period (tropical years) | Period (days) | Inclination i (°) | Eccentricity | Equatorial diameter (km) | Mass (10²⁴ kg) | Density (g/cm³) | Gravity (m/s²) | Axial tilt (°) | Max. magnitude | Albedo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun | 1392000 | 1989000 | 1.409 | −26.74 | |||||||||
| Mercury | 0.387 | 57.9 | 0.241 | 87.969 | 7.00 | 0.206 | 4879 | 0.3302 | 5.43 | 3.70 | 0.01 | 0.06 | |
| Venus | 0.723 | 108.2 | 0.615 | 224.7007 | 3.40 | 0.007 | 12104 | 4.8690 | 5.24 | 8.87 | 177.36 | 0.78 | |
| Earth | 1.000 | 149.6 | 1.000 | 365.2564 | 0.00 | 0.017 | 12756 | 5.9742 | 5.515 | 9.81 | 23.44 | 0.36 | |
| Moon | 0.00257 | 0.38440 | 0.0748 | 27.3217 | 5.15 | 0.055 | 3475 | 0.07348 | 3.34 | 1.62 | 6.7 | −12.7 | 0.07 |
| Mars | 1.524 | 227.9 | 1.880 | 686.98 | 1.85 | 0.093 | 6794 | 0.6419 | 3.94 | 3.71 | 25.19 | −2.0 | 0.15 |
| Jupiter | 5.204 | 778.6 | 11.862 | 4332.59 | 1.30 | 0.048 | 142984 | 1899.8 | 1.33 | 24.86 | 3.13 | −2.7 | 0.66 |
| Saturn | 9.584 | 1433.7 | 29.458 | 10759.20 | 2.48 | 0.054 | 120536 | 568.50 | 0.70 | 10.41 | 26.73 | 0.7 | 0.68 |
| Eris | 68.05 | 205029 | 43.82 | 0.435 | 2326 | 0.0167 | 2.52 | 0.7 | 0.96 |
Source footnote: for outer planets and Moon — in mean opposition.
Some constants and formulae
| Constant or formula | Value |
|---|---|
| Speed of light in vacuum c (m/s) | 299792458 |
| Constant of gravitation G (N·m²/kg²) | |
| Solar constant A (W/m²) | 1367 |
| Hubble parameter H₀ (km/s/Mpc), mean | 71 |
| Hubble parameter, range | 50–100 |
| Planck constant h (J·s) | |
| Charge of electron e (C) | |
| Mass of electron mₑ (kg) | |
| Proton-to-electron ratio | 1836.15 |
| Faraday constant F (C/mol) | 96485 |
| Magnetic constant μ₀ (H/m) | |
| Universal gas constant R (J/mol/K) | 8.314 |
| Boltzmann constant k (J/K) | |
| Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ (W/m²/K⁴) | |
| Wien displacement constant b (m·K) | 0.002897 |
| Laboratory wavelength Hα (Å) | 6562.81 |
| Tropical year length T (days) | 365.242199 |
| Standard atmosphere (Pa) | 101325 |
| Visible light extinction by terrestrial atmosphere in zenith (minimum) | 19%, 0.23 magnitudes |
| Height of homogeneous atmosphere (m) | 7991 |
| Refractive index of water for 20°C n | 1.334 |
| Moment of inertia of a solid ball | |
| Volume of a ball | |
| Area of sphere | |
| π | 3.14159265 |
| e | 2.71828183 |
| Golden ratio φ | 1.61803399 |
| Coordinates | Bishkek | Cholpon-Ata |
|---|---|---|
| Longitude E | 74°34′ | 77°05′ |
| Latitude N | 42°52′ | 42°39′ |
| Timezone | UT+6 | UT+6 |
28 brightest stars in the sky. Some other stars
| Name | Designation | RA | Dec | Parallax (arcsec) | Magnitude | Spectral class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altair | α Aql | 19h50m47s | 08°52′06″ | 0.195 | 0.77 | A7 |
| Capella | α Aur | 05h16m41s | 45°59′53″ | 0.073 | 0.08 | G5+G0 |
| Arcturus | α Boo | 14h15m38s | 19°10′57″ | 0.089 | −0.04ᵛ | K1 |
| Canopus | α Car | 06h23m57s | −52°41′45″ | 0.028 | −0.72 | F0 |
| Miaplacidus | β Car | 09h13m12s | −69°43′02″ | 0.029 | 1.68 | A2 |
| Toliman (Rigel Kent) | α Cen | 14h39m36s | −60°50′07″ | 0.747 | −0.01; 1.33 | G2; K1 |
| Hadar | β Cen | 14h03m49s | −60°22′23″ | 0.009 | 0.61 | B1 |
| Sirius | α CMa | 06h45m09s | −16°42′58″ | 0.375 | −1.46 | A1 |
| Adara | ε CMa | 06h58m38s | −28°58′19″ | 0.008 | 1.50 | B2 |
| Procyon | α CMi | 07h39m18s | 05°13′30″ | 0.288 | 0.38 | F5 |
| Acrux | α Cru | 12h26m36s | −63°05′57″ | 0.010 | 0.77 | B0 |
| Becrux | β Cru | 12h47m43s | −59°41′20″ | 0.009 | 1.30 | B0 |
| Gacrux | γ Cru | 12h31m10s | −57°06′48″ | 0.037 | 1.60 | M4 |
| Deneb | α Cyg | 20h41m26s | 45°16′49″ | 0.002 | 1.25 | A2 |
| Achernar | α Eri | 01h37m43s | −57°14′12″ | 0.026 | 0.46 | B3 |
| Castor | α Gem | 07h34m36s | 31°53′18″ | 0.065 | 1.58 | A1+A2 |
| Pollux | β Gem | 07h45m19s | 28°01′35″ | 0.097 | 1.14 | K0 |
| Regulus | α Leo | 10h08m22s | 11°58′02″ | 0.041 | 1.35 | B7 |
| Vega | α Lyr | 18h36m56s | 38°47′01″ | 0.123 | 0.03 | A0 |
| Betelgeuse | α Ori | 05h55m10s | 07°24′25″ | 0.005 | 0.5ᵛ | M2 |
| Rigel | β Ori | 05h14m32s | −08°12′06″ | 0.013 | 0.12 | B8 |
| Bellatrix | γ Ori | 05h25m08s | 06°20′59″ | 0.013 | 1.64 | B2 |
| Fomalhaut | α PsA | 22h57m39s | −29°37′20″ | 0.130 | 1.16 | A3 |
| Antares | α Sco | 16h29m24s | −26°25′55″ | 0.024 | 0.96 | M1+B4 |
| Shaula | λ Sco | 17h33m37s | −37°06′14″ | 0.005 | 1.62 | B2 |
| Aldebaran | α Tau | 04h35m55s | 16°30′33″ | 0.048 | 0.85ᵛ | K5 |
| Elnath | β Tau | 05h26m18s | 28°36′27″ | 0.025 | 1.66 | B7 |
| Spica | α Vir | 13h25m12s | −11°09′41″ | 0.023 | 0.98 | B1 |
Some other stars
| Name | Designation | RA | Dec | Parallax (arcsec) | Magnitude | Spectral class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamal | α Ari | 02h07m10s | 23°27′45″ | 0.050 | 2.01 | K2 |
| Sheratan | β Ari | 01h54m39s | 20°48′30″ | 0.055 | 2.64 | A5 |
| Thuban | α Dra | 14h04m23s | 64°22′33″ | 0.011 | 3.65 | A0 |
| Rastaban | β Dra | 17h30m26s | 52°18′05″ | 0.009 | 2.79 | G2 |
| Eltamin | γ Dra | 17h56m36s | 51°29′20″ | 0.021 | 2.24 | K5 |
| Polaris | α UMi | 02h31m49s | 89°15′51″ | 0.007 | 1.97ᵛ | F7 |
| Kochab | β UMi | 14h50m42s | 74°09′20″ | 0.025 | 2.07 | K4 |
| Pherkad | γ UMi | 15h20m44s | 71°50′02″ | 0.007 | 3.06ᵛ | A3 |
| Yildun | δ UMi | 17h32m19s | 86°35′11″ | 0.019 | 4.35 | A1 |
| Proxima Centauri | V645 Cen, α Cen C | 14h29m43s | −62°40′46″ | 0.769 | 11.05 | M5.5 |
Source discrepancy
the key prints 262.12° in 4.2; its printed β=48°33′ gives 262°54′ for 360°−2β. The printed angle and time are retained.
Source discrepancy
the lower-culmination line prints the same symbolic expression as the upper line, but substitutes −90°+φ+δ. The original mismatch is retained.
Source discrepancy
The printed individual grading allocations for Proxima Centauri sum to 9 points, although the general instructions describe each whole solution as sufficient for 8 points. Both the printed allocations and the 8-point whole-problem scale are retained.
Оригинал в Архива: bgtheo1.jpg · официални решения: theosol.pdf · допълнителни данни: bgtheo2.jpg · допълнителни данни: bgtheo3.jpg · допълнителни данни: bgtheo4.jpg · допълнителни данни: bgtheo5.jpg · допълнителни данни: bgtheo6.jpg · допълнителни данни: theocriteria.pdf · допълнителни данни: sombrero.pdf · допълнителни данни: constants.pdf · допълнителни данни: hrd.pdf