iGeo 2012, Писмен тест — Задача 19. Section D: Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in the Pacific Islands
Written Response Test — Question and Answer Booklet — 9th International Geography Olympiad — Cologne, Germany — 21–27 August 2012 · 21 август 2012 г. · 8 т.
Внимание: Бележка към темата
The Source Booklet (Sources A1–F1) referred to in the questions is not part of this paper's files; only the copies of Source B1 Maps A and B and Sources E1 and E3 printed in the answer booklet are reproduced.
Instructions for the students
- This test consists of 6 sections.
- The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given at the beginning of the question.
There are a maximum of 15 marks for each section. - Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, et cetera). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and you give more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
- Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
- Check the backs of pages as questions are printed on both sides of a page.
- Fill in your name, team and student number on the front page of this booklet.
- Fill in your iGeo student number in the boxes on top of the pages in this booklet.
- The Source Booklet contains the maps and figures referred to in the questions.
- Time: 180 minutes for non-native English speakers; 150 minutes for native English speakers.
- Non-native English speakers may use bilingual dictionaries during the test.
- You may use a calculator during the test.
- You may use the atlas provided during the test.
Good luck!
Marking scheme - overview
| section A | section B | section C | section D | section E | section F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 - 2m | 1 - 1m | 1 - 3m | 1 - 3m | 1 - 4m | 1 - 4m |
| 2 - 1m | 2 - 1m | 2 - 3m | 2 - 8m | 2 - 1m | 2 - 2m |
| 3 - 4m | 3 - 1m | 3 - 3m | 3 - 4m | 3 - 3m | 3 - 3m |
| 4 - 1m | 4 - 9m | 4 - 2m | 4 - 1m | 4 - 6m | |
| 5 - 1m | 5 - 3m | 5 - 4m | 5 - 1m | ||
| 6 - 2m | 6 - 3m | ||||
| 7 - 4m | 7 - 2 m | ||||
| 15 marks | 15 marks | 15 marks | 15 marks | 15 marks | 15 marks |
Условие
Study Source D2 in the Source Booklet.
Choose 2 natural characteristics and 2 human characteristics from the Source D2 table. For each characteristic explain how it contributes to vulnerability to hazards. Include specific examples from Source D2 to support your answer. Use the table below to record your answers.
| Type | Characteristic | How the characteristic contributes to vulnerability |
|---|---|---|
| Natural | 1: | … |
| 2: | … | |
| Human | 1: | … |
| 2: | … |
Решение
8 marks
2 marks for each factor – must give 2 natural and 2 human, and assign to correct category. ½ mark for identifying factor correctly then ½ or 1 for explanation + ½ for example then = 2 x 4 = 8
| Factor | How the factor contributes to vulnerability |
|---|---|
| Natural Factors: Elevation or height above sea level | Low lying islands are at more risk from tropical cyclones, storm surges, rising sea levels, tsunamis. Tuvalu and Tokelau are only 5m above sea level and could be completely flooded from a cyclone’s storm surge which would destroy both homes and crops meaning the whole population would be vulnerable. By contrast, Fiji is much higher (up to 1 324m) and people have the opportunity to move inland and/or not all crops would be flooded. |
| Land Area | Small islands such as Nauru (21 sq km) have an increased chance of the whole island being affected by a large event such as tropical cyclone, volcanic eruption, earthquake, etc since these events can often affect a large proportion of the island. Larger islands like PNG at 462 840 sq km are more likely to have areas that aren’t affected and people from those areas can assist those in areas that are affected. |
| Island Type | The type of island will partly determine what type of hazard may affect it and to what degree. Atolls such as Tokelau are more at risk from tsunamis and tropical cyclones since atolls are low-lying and could be completely flooded by high seas, whereas Plate Boundary (Continental) islands, such as PNG, are likely to be affected by earthquakes. Volcanic Islands such as Tonga are more likely to be affected by eruptions or landslides which are very unlikely to affect atolls. At least 2 types for a strong explanation (ie. Need to compare) |
| Human: Percent Urban (urbanisation) | The higher this percentage, the more people are at risk since they are often concentrated into densely populated areas. Urban centres are often in coastal locations which can also increase the risk of coastal hazards and tropical cyclones. Nauru and Guam have highly urbanised societies (100% and 95%) meaning their entire populations are concentrated in one small area and entirely at risk. Urban areas may also have squatter settlements and therefore greater numbers of people who are not adequately able to cope with such hazards compared to many rural communities. |
| Population | Countries such as Tokelau with very small populations (1,170) don’t have the infrastructure or specialists to cope with severe natural disasters without outside aid. Higher population means potentially more casualties. |
| Population Density | Countries with relatively high population densities have a larger percentage of their population at risk from localised hazards, e.g. earthquakes. Concentrated population in small area leads to increased risk. |
Оригинал в Архива: 2012WRTQandA.pdf · официални решения: 2012WRTmarkingscheme.pdf