iGeo 2013, Писмен тест — Задача 12. Section C: Managing Urban Areas — Question 2
10th International Geography Olympiad — Kyoto, Japan — 30 July – 5 August 2013 — Written Response Test — Question and Answer Booklet · 30 юли 2013 г. · 6 т.
Корица
Do NOT open the Booklet before instructed to do so by a supervisor.
Name: … Team: …
Student number: …
Instructions for the Students
- Fill in your name, team and iGeo student number on the front page of this Question and Answer Booklet.
- Fill in your iGeo student number in the boxes on top of the pages in this Booklet.
- This test consists of 6 Sections.
- The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given at the beginning of the question.
There are a maximum of 15 marks for each Section. - Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this Booklet.
- Check the backs of pages as questions are printed on both sides of a page.
- Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, etc.). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and you give more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
- You must use the Diercke International Atlas during the test where referred to in the questions and at your convenience.
- The Resource Booklet contains Sources referred to in the questions.
- You may use a calculator during the test.
- Time: 180 minutes for students not educated in English, 150 minutes for students educated in English.
- Students not educated in English are allowed to use bilingual dictionaries during the test.
Good luck!
Instructions for the Markers
- Check if the iGeo Student Numbers are on each sheet before dividing up the paper.
- This test consists of 6 Sections.
- One whole Section per marker and double-checker.
- Check whether the answer continues outside designated area. No credits will be given to answers in the Resource Booklet.
- The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given at the beginning of the question.
There are a maximum of 15 marks for each Section. - Get the hang of the full range of answers by reading through a few papers with your co-marker before you start your marking.
- These answers are not exhaustive. Credit any relevant answer.
- Mark only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, etc.). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and there is more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
- Put your mark next to the question number in the column on the left – it eases the work of the person who has to put the numbers into MS Excel. Total the marks by the title of the Section.
- Usually whole marks with only these exceptions: A1, B1, C3, E6.
- The Moderators (Sue and Anu) will sample the marking of all teams.
Условие
Outline the effects of urban structure upon microclimate in the urban area.
| Temperature | Wind | Humidity |
|---|---|---|
Решение
Answer: 6 marks.
| Temperature | Wind | Humidity |
|---|---|---|
| Buildings absorb heat during the day and release it at night | Average wind speed in cities is reduced by friction with the rough built-up surface | Impermeable urban surfaces absorb heat due to low albedo (tarmac) and have little water storage capacity and are therefore drier |
| They also produce anthropogenic heat from artificial heating in winter and air conditioning in summer | Narrow streets funnel winds along them causing eddies and the ‘canyon effect’ | Urban areas are often short of vegetation resulting in less evapotranspiration and reduced relative humidity in comparison to the surrounding rural area |
| The warming effect is intensified by tall buildings closely packed in the city centre | Local wind speeds can be high which can cause localised cooling | |
| City size is important and large high rise / high density cities such as Tokyo have a large thermal footprint than an African city such as Lagos, where less dense structures reduce the intensity of the urban heat island effect | Paris and many Middle Eastern cities have been designed with a radial street pattern to allow fresh air to be drawn in from the urban perimeter |
Оригинал в Архива: 2013KyotoWRTQuestionAndAnswerBooklet.pdf · официални решения: 2013KyotoWRTMarkingScheme.docx