iGeo 2017, Писмен тест — Задача 3. Section C: Transportation and its Environmental Impact
14th International Geography Olympiad — Belgrade, Serbia — 2–8 August 2017 — Written Response Test — Question and Answer Booklet · 2 август 2017 г. · 15 т.
Cover of the Question and Answer Booklet
14th International Geography Olympiad
Belgrade, Serbia
2–8 August 2017
WRITTEN RESPONSE TEST
Question and Answer Booklet
Name: ........ Team: ........
Student number: 1 4 _ _ _ _
Do NOT open the Booklet before instructed to do so by a supervisor.
Instructions for Students
Fill in your name, team and iGeo student number on the front page of this Question and Answer Booklet.
Fill in your iGeo student number in the boxes on top of the pages in this Booklet.
This test consists of 6 Sections.
The maximum total mark is 90.
The mark for each question is given in the margin at the beginning of the question.
There is a maximum of 15 marks for each Section.
- Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this Booklet in English.
Keep the left margin free for markers.
Please write clearly.
Please use blue (or black) pen, not pencil.
Check the backs of pages as questions are printed on both sides of a page.
There are blank pages which you can use as additional space for your notes.
Please cross through any notes so that we know they are not part of your answers.
If you use these pages for answers, please label them clearly with the Section and question number (e.g. A1).
Where appropriate, please write sentences or phrases not single words.
Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, etc.).
For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and you give more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
- The Resource Booklet contains Figures referred to in this Booklet.
Do not write any of your answers in Resource Booklet.
You may use a calculator during the test.
Students not educated in English are allowed to use bilingual dictionaries during the test.
Time:
180 minutes for students not educated in English (+10 minutes reading time),
150 minutes for students educated in English (+10 minutes reading time).
Good luck!
Written Response Test
Contributions from: Australia, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Taiwan/China–Taipei and UK
Committee Convenor: Dubravka Spevec (Croatia)
Deputy: Anu Printsmann (Estonia)
Editors: Shu Min (Celestine) Hang (Singapore) and Jacqueline Louise Richards (New Zealand)
Reviewers: Kath Berg (Australia) and Mark Higginbottom (UK)
Director of Tests: Susan Lomas (UK)
Booklet layout
The odd pages 3–17 carry a box „Student number: 14“ at the top; the marks of each question are printed in the left margin („2 m“, „4.5 m“ …). Pages 3, 11 and 12 end with „This Section continues on the next page.“ The booklet ends with „end ■“ on page 18.
Blank page 10 of the Question and Answer Booklet
This page is intentionally blank (you can use it for your notes (please cross them through afterwards) or for answers, which are clearly labelled with the Section and question number).
Blank page 14 of the Question and Answer Booklet
This page is intentionally blank (you can use it for your notes (please cross them through afterwards) or for answers, which are clearly labelled with the Section and question number).
Cover of the Marking Scheme
14th International Geography Olympiad
Belgrade, Serbia
2–8 August 2017
WRITTEN RESPONSE TEST
Marking Scheme
Instructions for Markers
Check if the iGeo student numbers are on each sheet (on odd pages) before dividing up the Test.
This test consists of 6 Sections.
The maximum total mark is 90.
The mark for each question is given in the margin at the beginning of the question.
There is a maximum of 15 marks for each Section.
- One whole Section per marker and double-checker.
Some lengthy (more than 2 pages) Sections may be divided for two marker-pairs.
- Get the hang of the full range of answers by reading through a few papers with your co-marker before you start your marking.
You can mark together (especially for level marking), or after establishing a consensus on how to mark for thoroughness and consistency, act as each other’s double-checkers by marking half of the test and then swapping the pile.
We strongly recommend whenever in doubt, consult your marking partner and, if appropriate, one of the designated Moderators – Dubravka or Anu.
Please develop your own marking/correcting notation system (using +/-, x/0, √ marks), underlining, comments etc. to ease double-checking and sample marking.
These answers here are not exhaustive. Credit any relevant answer.
Check whether the answer continues outside the designated area, in the margins or as clearly marked on blank pages.
No credits will be given to answers in the Resource Booklet.
The Test uses two marking systems: point and level marking.
Half marks can only be given where indicated as the total of 90 marks will yield only 40% of the total olympiad result.
Mark only the required number of answers (reasons, examples etc.).
For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and there is more than 2, only the first 2 reasons should be marked.
- Put your final mark next to the question number in the column on the left – it eases the work of the person who has to put the numbers into MS Excel.
Please write your numbers clearly.
Please write down any inconsistencies of the Marking Scheme, revisions and additional answers or answers not accepted on the Notes page at the end of the Booklet (e-mail is preferred) and hand them in after marking to improve the final Marking Scheme that will be uploaded to show the actual marking.
The Moderators (Dubravka and Anu) will sample the marking of all teams.
Command Terms for use in Written Response Test
| Terms | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Annotate | add labels with short comments to a diagram, map or photograph in order to describe or explain |
| Describe | give a factual statement of the distinctive features of something, e.g. for a landform, its shape, dimensions, composition, location (do not explain) |
| Discuss | give a thorough account from different points of view |
| Draw | make a clearly defined diagram, flowchart or map, and include labels |
| Explain | give a reason, a cause, an effect, a consequence for why or how something happens |
| Forecast | predict or estimate (a future event or trend) |
| Identify | name, select, point out something |
| Justify | provide sound reasons or evidence on which your response is based |
| Name | state or specify, using a word or words by which something is known |
| Outline | give the main points or general principles of something, omitting minor details, and usually emphasizing structure and relationships |
| Study | look closely at the details in |
| Suggest | put forward an idea or a reason |
| With the help of the information provided | base answer partly on information provided (refer to this material) and partly on own knowledge |
In level marking in order to credit higher marks the response has to cover a multi-perspective view with a range of factors/impacts from different spatial and temporal scales forming a thorough and well-elaborated account.
Written Response Test
Contributions from: Australia, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Taiwan/China–Taipei and UK
Committee Convenor: Dubravka Spevec (Croatia)
Deputy: Anu Printsmann (Estonia)
Editors: Shu Min (Celestine) Hang (Singapore) and Jacqueline Louise Richards (New Zealand)
Reviewers: Kath Berg (Australia) and Mark Higginbottom (UK)
Director of Tests: Susan Lomas (UK)
Условие
1. Study Resource Booklet Figure C1: The dominant road networks, shipping lanes and airline routes around the world.
Describe the spatial pattern on a global scale of:
- Road networks:
- Shipping lanes:
- Airline routes: [3 т.]
2. Study Resource Booklet Figure C1: The dominant road networks, shipping lanes and airline routes around the world.
Suggest 4 reasons for the pattern of transport routes. [4 т.]
3. Study Resource Booklet Figure C2: The rail network in South Africa and the 2 Tables below.
With the help of the information provided suggest 4 reasons for the proportion of freight (cargo) transport modes.
Table: The freight (cargo) transport in South Africa (2012).
| Corridor | Road (Mtons) | Rail (Mtons) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretoria / Johannesburg – Durban | 46.8 | 6.4 |
| Pretoria / Johannesburg – Cape Town | 34.2 | 1.7 |
| Durban – Cape Town | 9.0 | < 0.1 |
| Durban – East London | 8.8 | < 0.1 |
| Pretoria / Johannesburg – Port Elizabeth | 5.7 | 0.3 |
| Other corridors | 79.4 | 27.1 |
| Metropolitan areas | 124.1 | 5.8 |
| Rural areas | 255.0 | 39.0 |
| Total | 563.1 | 80.3 |
Adapted from https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/publications/freightshift_roadtorail.pdf
Table: The annual costs of road and rail freight (cargo) transport in South Africa (2014).
| Road (Rand, billion) | Rail (Rand, billion) | |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicle capital cost | 25 | 2.0 |
| Infrastructure capital cost | 7.0 | 4.0 |
| Vehicle operating cost | 422 | 47 |
| Infrastructure operating cost | 2.0 |
https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/publications/freightshift_roadtorail.pdf [4 т.]
4. Discuss the environmental impact of building railways. [4 т.]
Решение
1. Answer (point marking – 1 mark for each correct pattern):
- Road networks:
- Road networks are more close to large urban / densely populated areas.
- Road networks are less dense in areas where there are deserts, tropical forests, topographic features such as mountain ranges.
- Shipping lanes:
- Shipping lanes are mostly in the Northern Hemisphere and fewer in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Shipping lanes are mostly between the continents of North America and Western Europe, East Asia and North America, East Asia and Europe (via the Suez Canal or the Cape of Good Hope).
- Shipping routes generally “hug” coastlines (or are closer to coastlines).
- There are numerous shipping lanes between the East Asian ports.
- Airline routes:
- Airline routes are mostly in the Northern Hemisphere.
- Airline routes are mostly between North America, Western Europe and East Asia.
- There are numerous airline routes within East Asia.
2. Answer (point marking – 1 mark for each correct reason):
- Road networks are not dense in mountainous or desert areas because of the low population density there, and the lack of factories that have goods to transport out. The terrain is unfavourable for living or for expanding industrial areas.
- Shipping lines “hug” coastlines whenever reasonable to avoid open sea harsh conditions and go along straight lines when the speed outweighs the risk.
- Shipping and airline routes are geographically concentrated because global major trading hubs and ports are in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Western Europe and Eastern Asia).
- Multiple airline routes intersect or overlap and finish in areas with dense road networks because logistics or passenger movement continues from the port of call, into the hinterland.
3. Answer (point marking – 1 mark for each correct reason):
Despite rail transport is cheaper to use road transport preferred.
- Generally less popular freight transport on rail because of very specific routes that do not serve every city or rural area.
- Least rail transport used between Durban and Cape Town, and Durban and East London because of no direct rail link.
- Due to the fact that rail networks are not equally distributed throughout South Africa, difficulty in reaching stations/hubs may lead to suppliers or manufacturers choosing the easier option of road transport, which gives them flexibility of time.
- Even when freight goes by rail, it generally has to be transported by road at the start and end of the shipment. This adds extra costs and also extra time.
- Freight transport in metropolitan areas is more dominated by road transport than rural areas because of the presence of more road networks in metropolitan areas, while rural areas might have to depend a little more on rail transport.
- It may be that metropolitan area freight is transported much shorter distances than rural freight, meaning that the transhipment costs and extra time make rail transport uneconomic within cities.
- Small scale suppliers in the rural areas may not be able to afford the expenses of road transport, thus depending more on rail transport than metropolitan areas.
4. Answer (level marking – 4 marks for excellently elaborated discussion, 3 marks for fully, 2 marks for satisfactorily and 1 mark for poorly elaborated discussion):
- Vibration on ground and implications on lived environment for residents around the area.
- Tunnelling and implications on groundwater pollution if engineering works are not done properly.
- Noise pollution along the entire railway routes.
- Less carbon emissions in the long run if freight shifts from road to rail.
- Clearance of land for railroads leads to the destruction of habitats and interrupts movement of wildlife.
- Reduce congestion with fewer trucks if freight shifts from rail to road.
Notes page of the Marking Scheme
Notes
end ■
Оригинал в Архива: WRITTEN RESPONSE TEST QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK.pdf · официални решения: WRITTEN RESPONSE TEST MARKING SCHEME.pdf