iGeo 2019, Писмен тест — Задача 4. Section D: Ocean Currents
16th International Geography Olympiad — Hong Kong — 30 July – 5 August 2019 — Written Response Test — Question and Answer Booklet · 30 юли 2019 г. · 15 т.
Внимание: Бележка към темата
The Resource Booklet (Figures A1–F2, Tables C1 and E1 and the Section C instructions) referred to in the questions is not part of this archive file.
Корица
Do NOT open the Booklet before instructed to do so by a supervisor.
Name: … Team: …
iGeo student number: …
Instructions for Students
Fill in your name, team and iGeo student number on the front page of this Question and Answer Booklet.
Fill in your iGeo student number in the boxes on top of each of the pages in this Booklet.
This test consists of 6 Sections.
The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given in the margin at the beginning of the question.
There is a maximum of 15 marks for each Section.Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this Booklet in English. Keep the left margin free for markers.
Please write clearly.
Please use blue (or black) pen, not pencil.
Check the backs of pages as questions are written on both sides.There are blank pages which you can use as additional space for your notes. Please cross through any notes so that we know they are not part of your answers.
If you use these pages for answers, please label them clearly with the Section and question number (e.g. A1).Where appropriate, please write sentences or phrases not single words.
Give only the required number of answers (reasons, examples, etc.). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and you give more than 2, only the first 2 reasons will be marked.
The Resource Booklet contains Figures referred to in this Booklet. Do not write any of your answers in Resource Booklet.
You may use a calculator during the test.
Students not educated in English are allowed to use bilingual dictionaries during the test.
Time: 180 minutes for students not educated in English (+10 minutes reading time),
150 minutes for students educated in English (+10 minutes reading time).
Good luck!
Written Response Test
Contributions from: Australia, China Taipei, Romania
Committee Convenor: Dubravka Spevec (Croatia)
Deputy: Mark Higginbottom (UK)
Director of Tests: Sue Lomas (UK)
Instructions for Markers
Check if the iGeo student numbers are on each sheet before dividing up the Test.
This test consists of 6 Sections.
The maximum total mark is 90. The mark for each question is given in the margin at the beginning of the question.
There is a maximum of 15 marks for each Section.One whole Section per (at least) one pair of markers.
Get the hang of the full range of answers by reading through a few papers with your co-marker before you start your marking. You can mark together (especially for level marking), or after establishing a consensus on how to mark for thoroughness and consistency, act as each other’s double-checkers by marking half of the test and then swapping the pile.
We strongly recommend whenever in doubt, consult your marking partner and, if appropriate, one of the designated Moderators – Dubravka or Mark.Please develop your own marking/correcting notation system (using +/-, x/0, √ marks), underlining, comments etc. to ease double-checking and sample marking.
These answers here are not exhaustive. Credit any relevant answer.
Check whether the answer continues outside the designated area, in the margins or as clearly marked on blank pages. No credits will be given to answers in the Resource Booklet.
The Test uses two marking systems: point and level marking.
Half marks can only be given where indicated as the total of 90 marks will yield only 40% of the total Olympiad result.
Mark only the required number of answers (reasons, examples etc.). For instance, if the question asks for 2 reasons and there is more than 2, only the first 2 reasons should be marked.
Put your final mark next to the question number in the column on the left – it eases the work of the person who has to put the numbers into MS Excel. Please write your numbers clearly.
Please write down any inconsistencies of the Marking Scheme, revisions and additional answers or answers not accepted on the Notes page at the end of the Booklet (e-mail is preferred) and hand them in after marking to improve the final Marking Scheme that will be uploaded to show the actual marking.
The Moderators (Dubravka and Mark) will sample the marking of all teams.
Command Terms for use in Written Response Test
| Terms | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Assess | make a judgment on the significance, relevance, value or quality of something by carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages, the positive and negative features |
| Describe | give a factual statement of the distinctive features of something, e.g. for a landform, its shape, dimensions, composition, location (do not explain) |
| Discuss | give a thorough account from different points of view |
| Draw | make a clearly defined diagram, flowchart or map, and include labels |
| Evaluate | consider several arguments or options and come to a conclusion about their importance or success |
| Explain | give a reason, a cause, an effect, a consequence for why or how something happens |
| Identify | name, select, point out something |
| List | identify or name a number of specific things |
| Name | state or specify, using a word or words by which something is known |
| Outline | give the main points or general principles of something, omitting minor details, and usually emphasizing structure and relationships |
| Suggest | put forward an idea or a reason |
In level marking in order to credit higher marks the response has to cover a multi-perspective view with a range of factors/impacts from different spatial and temporal scales forming a thorough and well-elaborated account.
Written Response Test
Contributions from: Australia, China Taipei, Romania
Committee Convenor: Dubravka Spevec (Croatia)
Deputy: Mark Higginbottom (UK)
Director of Tests: Sue Lomas (UK)
Условие
1. Study Resources Booklet Figure D1: Part of North Atlantic Ocean current circulation and Figure D2: Water temperatures (°C) and salinity (Practical Salinity Unit – PSU) in Northern Atlantic Ocean.
a) Describe the pattern of water temperature and salinity distribution (Figure D2) for the area shown in the map (Figure D1). [3 т.]
b) Give reasons for the patterns you have described. [3 т.]
2. Based on your knowledge name the main reasons for the slowed and weakened North Atlantic Ocean circulation. [1 т.]
3. Assess the economic and environmental impacts a weakened circulation could cause. [4 т.]
4. Study Resource Booklet Figure D3: Measured number of pieces of plastic waste in the Indian Ocean gyre garbage patch.
Why is there an accumulation of plastic waste in this particular part of the Indian Ocean? [1 т.]
5. What are the challenges of managing the oceans in order to reduce the amount of this type of waste? [3 т.]
Решение
1. a) (4m)
Answer (point marking – 1 mark for each correctly determined distribution; there should be 2 descriptions for temperature and 2 for salinity):
Temperature: water temperature is the highest (15 °C) in eastern part (between 10° W and 30° W longitude) down to appr. 50 meters’ depth; the lowest temperature (around 0 °C) is in the western part (between 50° W and 55° W longitude) and appr. between 20 and 200 meters’ depth.
Salinity: the highest level of salinity is in the eastern part (between 10° W and 20° W longitude) and constant from the surface to appr. 400 m depth; the lowest level of salinity is in the western part (between 50° W and 55° W longitude) and appr. between the surface and 200 m depth.
b) (2m)
Answer (point marking – 1 mark for temperature pattern and 1 mark for salinity pattern):
Temperature: Warm Gulf Stream in the eastern part causes higher water temperatures and cold Labrador Current causes lowest water temperatures in the western part.
Salinity: Lower salinity in the western part is related to cold Labrador ocean current and lower evaporation; higher level of salinity in eastern part is due to higher water temperature (warm Gulf Stream) and higher level of evaporation.
Melting ice caps in the Arctic add fresh water and make salinity lower.
2. (1m)
Answer (point marking – 0.5 marks for each correct reason):
- warmer weather in the Arctic
- ice melting (Greenland ice)
- increased rainfall in the Arctic
3. (4m)
Answer (point marking – 1 mark for each correct answer):
- much colder winters and hotter summers in Europe,
- intensifying streams of icebergs into shipping lanes and coastal ice jams that hinder navigation in Northern Atlantic
- changing rainfall patterns in the tropics,
- warmer water building up along the U.S. coast that can fuel sea level rise and destructive storms (e. g. Hurricane Irene in 2011, Superstorm Sandy in 2012…)
- collapse of fisheries due to rapidly warming water (e. g. collapse of the commercially important cod fishery in the Gulf of Maine)
- water temperature increase can affect also living marine resources (fish and other species)
4. (1m)
Answer (point marking – 1 mark for correct answer; the answer should include convergence of surface currents):
- Floating debris, such as plastic, accumulate in the middle of subtropical gyres of the Indian Ocean due to the convergence of surface currents (circulation of ocean currents counter clockwise).
- The flow of the ocean water perpendicular to driving winds and spirals into the centre of the gyre where it accumulates plastic garbage and forms a garbage patch.
5. (3m)
Answer (point marking – 1 mark for each correct answer; students should name 3 different challenges):
Throwing plastic in the bin when it could be recycled. Plastic put in the bin ends up in landfill. When rubbish is being transported to landfill, plastic is often blown away because it’s so lightweight. From there, it can eventually clutter around drains and enter rivers and the sea this way.
Littering. Litter dropped on the street doesn’t stay there as rainwater and wind carries plastic waste into streams and rivers, and through drains and they lead to the ocean. Careless and improper waste disposal – illegal dumping of plastic waste to the seas and oceans.
Products that go down the drain – products we use daily (e.g. wet wipes, cotton buds, sanitary products etc.) that are flushed down toilets. Plastic microfibers released from the clothes into waterways during washing them in the washing machine can end up in oceans.
Beauty products we use every day (face washes, toothpastes etc.) contain also microplastic and microbeads that are washed down the drain.Fishing industry – fishing nets can be disposed on purpose from the fishing vessels but also can be lost during storms and fishing accidents and end up in the ocean.
Industry can be responsible for some plastic getting into the environment, either when products containing plastic aren’t disposed of properly, or escaping during the production and or transporting of products.
Notes page
This page is intentionally blank (you can use it for your notes (please cross them through afterwards) or for answers, which are clearly labelled with the Section and question number).
Оригинал в Архива: 2019WRT_QA_Booklet.pdf · официални решения: 2019WRT_Marking_Scheme.pdf